Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Essay Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model.The crime control model is based on conservative values such as aggressive arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals and makes the system more efficient and safer for people. The due process control is basically protecting an individual’s rights whether they’re accused and to protect the innocent people from conviction. According to the article , neither models should be used because both the crime control and due process model have both significant strengths and weaknesses. For example, one weakness of a due process model is it only protects the accused individual rights and not the victim. Also the articles claims that â€Å"both appear to have potential pitfalls and dangers that could threaten both safety and security and the individual freedoms that have made the United States a beacon of stability and freedom throughout the world†. The article also states that crime control model is too harsh while the due process model is just soft on the accused individuals. While the crime control model is aggressive arrest and it could be trouble if the police officers arrest the innocent by accident and during the aggressive arrest it may hurt the victims also.This shows that neither models should be used due to all the reasons above. Herbert Packer feels that both methods should be combined to prevent weaknesses in the model while gaining more strengths and less dangers to the society. Also Herbert Packer feels that if the models were combined, it’ll be the best strategy to deal with crimes days in the future. With the criminal control model being harsh and the due process being more soft on the accused, they would make a great team which adjusting the levels to just right not too harsh or too easy. These reasons above states why Herbert Packer feels that both models or methods should be combined. Based on all the facts given to me, I would prefer the crime control model because crime control model could actually prevent more crimes while the due process model would increase the amount of crimes a year. Also the crime control model enforces the law while the due process model doesn’t. I would prefer the crime control model also because it’s better to be safe than sorry and increases the social order in that certain area. Since the due process model is too easy on the criminal, there may be a chance that the individual would commit another crime and in society it is important to maintain social order or there would be chaos.I also think that if the crime control model is including traffic stops ,wiretapping and surveillance , it’ll still protect the victim and the criminal somehow. The crime control model is necessary to make a free society. With the crime control model, the criminal justice system should be more efficient than ever. The crime control model increases the police powers which make the criminal afraid of committing any more crimes. This is shows why I prefer the crime control model over the due process model. Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses among the models but still the crime control method is more important in order to prevent crimes from increasing.

Polyester: History, Development and Applications

Polyester: History, Development and Applications ABSTRACT:Â   Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. Polyester fibers are formed from a chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol, and is developed in a 20th-century laboratory. In the formation of polyester reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. Polyester fibers can form very long molecules that are very stable and strong. Polyester has been considered to have several advantages over traditional fabrics such as cotton. One of its most important quality is that it does not absorb moisture, but does absorb oil; this quality makes polyester the perfect fabric for the application of water-, soil-, and fire-resistant finishes. Its another quality, that is, low absorbency also makes it naturally resistant to stains. Polyester is used in the manufacture of many products, including clothing, home furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer and recording tapes, and electrical insulation. As we go along further, we would see the various uses of polyester in all the several fields such as clothing, furnishing, etc. Fabrics woven from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets and upholstered furniture. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. We would discuss in detail the history of polyester, the method of manufacturing of polyester, its various uses, and its importance in our day to day life, how much we use polyester in our life without really noticing that it is polyester we are using. INTRODUCTION: In short we can say that polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Even though there are many types of polyester, the term polyester as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally-occurring chemicals. Naturally occurring chemicals include that are found in nature and are not man-made such as in the cut in of plant cuticles. An example of synthetic fiber is synthetics through step-growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate. Generally natural polyesters and even a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, that is, they can break down or decay naturally without any special treatment, and can therefore be thrown away without causing pollution. Whereas on the other hand, most synthetic polyesters, which are more commonly used, are not biodegradable. Polyester is a term often defined as long-chain polymers chemically composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and a terephthalic acid. In simpler terms, it means that polyester is the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid results in the formation of esters. Polyester also refers to the various polymers in which the backbones are formed by the esterification condensation of polyfunctional alcohols and acids. Polyester can also be classified as saturated and unsaturated polyesters. Saturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the polyester backbones are saturated. They are thus not as reactive as unsaturated polyesters. The saturated polyesters consist of low molecular weight liquids used as plasticizers and as reactants in forming urethane polymers, and linear, high molecular weight thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron and Mylar). Usual reactants for the saturated polyesters are a glycol and an acid or anhydride. Unsaturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the backbone consists of alkyl thermosetting resins characterized by vinyl unsaturation. They are mostly used in reinforced plastics. These are the most widely used and economical family of resins. Characteristics of polyester Polyester fabrics and fibers are extremely strong and thus durable. Polyester is very durable: it is resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant, mildew and abrasion resistant. Polyester is hydrophobic in nature, that is, these molecules and quick drying. It can be used for insulation by manufacturing hollow fibers. Polyesters quality to retain its shape is good for making outdoor clothing for harsh climates. Polyester can be easily washed and dried, without the added tension of ironing and all because it does not form wrinkles. HISTORY OF POLYESTER: Polyester became famous for Scrunch it, pull it, and wash it without any wear and wrinkles. Polyester was the fabric of choice in an economy that was changing in terms of speed, efficiency and convenience. The textile industrys answer to food industry producing fries and coke was the production of Polyester quick, cheap and easy. Carothers Work It was W.H.Carothers who discovered that alcohols and carboxyl acids could be successfully mixed to create fibers. Carothers was working for DuPont at the time and unfortunately when he discovered Nylon, polyester took a back seat. PET Terylene The incomplete research of Carothers had not advanced to investigating the polyester formed from mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Whinfield and Dickson 2 British scientists are the ones who patented PET or PETE in 1941. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) forms the basis for synthetic fibers like Dacron, Terylene and polyester. Later that year, the first polyester fiber Terylene was created by Whinfield and Dickson along with Birtwhistle and Ritchiethey. Terylene was first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI. DuPonts Role It was in 1946 that DuPont bought all legal rights from ICI, that is, Imperial Chemical Industries. In 1950, the Dealware property of DuPont manufactured another polyester fiber, which they named Dacron. Mylar was introduced in 1952. Polyester was first introduced to the American public in 1951 as the magical fabric that needed no ironing! PET and PEN are DuPont trademarks that have turned the use and consumption of Polyester around. Polyester Becomes Popular Subsequent to the development of Terylene and Dacron, Kodel was developed by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc in 1958. The polyester market underwent rapid expansion and textile mills emerged everywhere. Many of the mills were located at small gas stations and produced cheap polyester apparel. The inexpensive and durable fiber became very popular and the industry expanded rapidly till the 1970s. Unfortunately, the infamous double-knit polyester image hit the industry and polyester soon came to be known as the uncomfortable fabric. The Phoenix Rises Today, polyester is largely regarded as a cheap fabric that is rather uncomfortable for sensitive human skin to wear. It is also not preferred because of its highly inflammable properties. However, the emergence of luxury fibers like polyester microfiber and various polyester blends, the polyester industry is once again on its way to a grand come back. The Tennessee Eastman Company and the Man-Made Fiber Producers Associations (MMFPA) Polyester Fashion Council played a significant role in the revival of polyester. The Tennessee Eastman Company started a YES campaign for polYESter and popularized it via radio and television. The main idea was to focus on the wash and go properties of polyester rather than sell it as a cheap fabric. Hoechst Fibers Industries also played a part in the history of polyester. They conducted various studies from 1981 to 1983 and found that 89% of people could not distinguish between polyester and other natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. Also, it was found that people were more interested in the appearance of the apparel than the fabric it was made of. Today, the biggest contributor to the appeal of polyester is the discovery of microfibers. Microfibers give polyester the feel of silk and are rapidly becoming the choice of fabric. With an expensive tag to match, the cheap image of polyester seems to be on its way out. Heres to heralding a new era in the history of polyester! MANUFACTURING OF POLYESTER: Polyester Manufacturing Polyester fibers or the synthetic fibers are long chain polymers which are derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. They are formed through chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol, which forms ester. In this reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. These molecules are very stable and strong. There are variations in the compositions and therefore in the properties of polyester fibers. Types of Polyester PHYPERLINK http://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/polyester-fiber.htmlolyester fibers are generally available in two varieties- PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PCDT (poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate). PET is the most common production of polyester. It is stronger than PCDT, while PCDT has more elasticity and resilience. Another advantage of PET is that it can be used alone or blended with other fabrics for making wrinkle free and stain resistant clothing that can retain its shape. PCDT is more suitable for heavier applications. These heavier applications include draperies and furniture coverings. Modifications can be introduced in each of these varieties for obtaining specific properties. Raw Materials Polyester is a chemical term which can be broken into poly, meaning many, and ester, a basic organic chemical compound. The principle ingredient used in the manufacture of polyester is ethylene, which is derived from petroleum. In this process, ethylene is the polymer, the chemical building block of polyester, and the chemical process that produces the finished polyester is called polymerization. PET Polyester For manufacturing PET Polyester, the main raw material is ethylene derived from petroleum. This ethylene is oxidized to produce a glycol monomer dihydric alcohol which is further combined with another monomer, terephthalic acid at a high temperature in a vacuum. Polymerization, the chemical process that produces the finished polyester, is done with the help of catalysts. Catalysts are used to speed up the rate of a reaction. Then a colorless molten polyester is formed which then flows from a slot in a vessel on to a casting wheel and takes shape of a ribbon as it cools to hardness. The polymer thus produced by this process is then cut into very small chips, dried to remove all moisture and blended to make it uniform for getting it ready for spinning into yarn. PCDT Polyester This variation of polyester is made by condensing terephthalic acid with 1, 4-cyclohexane-dimethanol to form poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate or the PCDT Polyester. As for PET Polyester, PCDT is processed for melt spinning. Spinning Polymer chips are melted at 500-518ÂÂ °F (260-270ÂÂ °C) to form a syrup-like solution. The polymer, which is now in a molten form, is then extruded through a spinneret and the filaments are subsequently drawn into the desired polyester fiber. Variations are introduced to obtain desired end results. Spinnerets having hole of different shapes such as round, trilobal, pentalobal, hexalobal or octalobal can be used for special effects like opacity, luster or its suppression, wicking, comfort or feel. Hollow fibers may be produced to make it lightweight and for providing greater cushioning or insulative properties. Crepe effect can be obtained through crimps. Certain additives may also be combined with the spinning solutions for specific properties. Delusterant can be added to make the fiber dull, a flame retardant may be added or certain other antistatic substance may also be included. The product stream divides into two different application areas which are mainly textile applications and packaging applications, after the first stage of polymer production in the melt phase. In the table shown below, the main applications of textile and packaging polyester are listed. Textile Packaging Staple fiber (PSF) Bottles for CSD, Water, Beer, Juice, Detergents Filaments POY, DTY, FDY A-PET Film Technical yarn and tire cord Thermoforming Non-woven and spun bond BO-PET Biaxial oriented Film Mono-filament Strapping Abbreviations: PSF = Polyester Staple Fiber; POY = Partially Oriented Yarn; DTY = Draw Textured Yarn; FDY = Fully Drawn Yarn; CSD = Carbonated Soft Drink; A-PET = Amorphous Polyester Film; BO-PET = Biaxial Oriented Polyester Film; Drawing After extrusion from the spinneret, the fibers are drawn or elongated, with the help of godet wheels. The polyester fibers are usually drawn up to five times its original length, depending upon the desired properties. The filaments are drawn to a greater extent, for higher tenacity. When the fibers come in contact with the air, they solidify. Generally, the PET fibers are drawn hot as it produces more uniform fibers. PCDT fibers are drawn at higher temperature because of their higher melting point. During the drawing process itself, fibers may be textured which saves time, efforts and production cost and also gives greater quality control over the finished fibers. After the polyester yarn is drawn, it is wound on large bobbins or flat-wound packages, ready to be woven into material. Types of Polyester Yarns Polyester yarns have a wide range of diameters and staple lengths. The yarns are made basically as monofilament yarns, multifilament yarns and spun yarns. Filament Yarns PET Polyester is used to make filament yarns either in monofilament or multifilament forms. The direction and amount of twists are decided by the desired end use. The properties are also pre-determined. There are various types of such yarns. There is the bright, regular tenacity polyester yarn having light, stretch and sag resistance, used for sheer lightweight fabrics like tulle, voile and organdy. The regular tenacity semi dull yarn used for various apparels including lingerie. Its duller version is used for shirts and blouses. Polyester yarns resistant to various chemicals, and micro organisms are produced from high tenacity fibers for such industrial uses as conveyor belts, ropes and nets etc. Textured Yarns These yarns are made of PET multifilaments. Texturizing is either done along with the drawing process or afterwards during throwing or texturizing process. Spun Yarns Spun yarns are made of staple or cut PET or PCDT polyester fibers. The staple may be bright, semi dull or dull and tenacity may be regular, mid or high. It may be polished to reduce crimp and increase luster. It may either be spun alone or blended with other staple such as cotton, wool or rayon and then spun into yarn. Manufacturing Staple Fiber In making polyester staple fiber, polymerization, drying, and melt spinning are much the same as in the manufacture of filament yarn. However, in the melt spinning process, the spinneret has many more holes when the product is staple fiber. The rope-like bundles of polyester that emerge are called tow. Drawing tow * 1: Newly-formed tow is quickly cooled in cans that gather the thick fibers. Several lengths of tow are gathered and then drawn on heated rollers to three or four times their original length. Crimping * 2: Drawn tow is then fed into compression boxes, which force the fibers to fold like an accordion, at a rate of 9-15 crimps per inch (3-6 per cm). This process helps the fiber hold together during the later manufacturing stages. Setting *3: After the tow is crimped, it is heated at 212-302ÂÂ °F (100-150ÂÂ °C) to completely dry the fibers and set the crimp. Some of the crimp will unavoidably be pulled out of the fibers during the following processes. Cutting * 4: Following heat setting, tow is cut into shorter lengths. Polyester that will be blended with cotton is cut in 1.25-1.50 inch (3.2-3.8 cm) pieces; for rayon blends, 2 inch (5 cm) lengths are cut. For heavier fabrics, such as carpet, polyester filaments are cut into 6 inch (15 cm) lengths. Synthesis Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation reaction. See condensation reactions in polymer chemistry. The General equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is: (n+1) R (OH) 2 + n RÂÂ ´ (COOH) 2 > HO [ROOCRÂÂ ´COO] n ROH + 2n H2O Azeotrope esterification In this classical method, an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form a carboxylic ester. To assemble a polymer, the water formed by the reaction must be continually removed by azeotrope distillation. Acylation (HCl method) The acid begins as an acid chloride, and thus the polycondensation proceeds with emission of hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of water. This method can be carried out in solution or as an enamel. Silyl method In this variant of the HCl method, the carboxylic acid chloride is converted with the trimethyl silyl ether of the alcohol component and production of trimethyl silyl chloride is obtained Acetate method (esterification) Silyl acetate method Ring-opening polymerization Aliphatic polyesters can be assembled from lactones under very mild conditions, catalyzed anionically, cationically or metallorganically. Cross-linking Unsaturated polyesters are thermosetting resins. They are generally copolymers prepared by polymerizing one or more diol with saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic acid, fumaric acid) or their anhydrides. The double bond of unsaturated polyesters reacts with a vinyl monomer mainly the styrene, resulting in a 3-D cross-linked structure. This structure acts as a thermoset. The cross-linking is initiated through an exothermic reaction involving an organic peroxide, such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide or benzoyl peroxide. APPLICATION OF POLYESTER: Polyester is used in manufacturing of many products, such as clothing, home furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer, recording tapes, and electrical insulation. It has several advantages over traditional fabrics as it does not absorb moisture. Its low absorbency also makes it naturally resistant to stains. Polyester clothing can be preshrunk in the finishing process. This makes it resist shrinking and it doesnt stretch out of shape. The fabric can be dyed easily, and is mildew resistant too. Textured polyester fibers are an effective, nonallergenic insulator, thus it is used for filling pillows, quilting, outerwear, and sleeping bags. Because of their many desirable qualities, polyester fibers and fabrics have many uses. Polyester is often used in outerwear because of its high tenacity and durability. It is a strong fiber and consequently can withstand strong and repetitive movements. Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal for garments and jackets that are to be used in wet or damp environmentscoating the fabric with a water-resistant finish intensifies this effect. Many jackets and quilted garments are made of polyester. Since polyester can be molded into almost any shape, certain insulating properties can be built-in to the fiber. One method is to create hollow fibers: This process traps air inside the fiber which is then heated by the body. The warm air stays inside and helps warm the body in cool weather. A second method is to use crimped polyester in a fiberfill. The crimp helps keep in warm air. Polyester is an ideal fiber to use for this since it will retain its shape, unlike its cotton and wool counterparts that tend to flatten out over time, significantly reducing their ability to trap warm air. Polyester is often used in pants, shirts, suits, and bed sheets either by itself or as a blend, because of its wrinkle-resistant property and its ability to retain its shape. Since these garments are frequently worn and washed, its stain-resistancy and durability are also desirable. Polyester also has industrial uses as well, such as carpets, filters, synthetic artery replacements, ropes, and films. The pie chart below, taken from Fiber Science by Kathryn L. Hatch, summarizes many of polyesters uses: When the world thinks of plastic films, it thinks of PET. Packaging Applications Polyester film is used in many types of packaging applications ranging from food and drugs to industrial and consumer goods. As plain or metalized, formable, heat-shrinkable and/or coated for barrier, metal adhesion, laminating adhesion, extrusion coating adhesion, printing or sealing, PET film offers excellent characteristics for the packaging market easy machinability, strength, high- and low-temperature resistance, crystal clarity, and printability. The properties that make PET film ideal for packaging applications include: High strength for high speed processes, higher tensions, and higher temperatures Chemical surface treatment during manufacturing or post-manufacturing to enhance characteristics, such as barrier, adhesion, printability, metal adhesion, and release High clarity Strength and resistance to tear Dimensional stability over a very wide range of temperatures and humidity Resistance to attack by moisture and most common solvents Excellent barrier to both oxygen and water vapor to extend shelf- life. Applications Flexible packaging PET film is an excellent laminating substrate for flexible packaging structures, i.e. stand-up pouches, offering excellent flex and puncture resistance. Lidding PET film maintains its strength at both, freezer and oven temperatures, for leak-resistant wraps, lidding, and peelable seals in a wide range of food and nonfood applications. Can laminations Co polyester film is laminated to metal for can applications. Metallized packaging Metallized PET film is used for high barrier, decoration, and embossed holographic applications. Susceptors lightly Metallized PET film is used in microwave Susceptors constructions for browning and cooking food in microwave ovens. Imaging The unique combination of optical, physical, thermal, and chemical properties of polyester film has made it the film of choice for many imaging applications. Some of the major applications include x-ray, photographic, printing, microfilm, photoresist/phototool, overhead projection transparencies, and drafting/reprographics. Currently, these applications account for about 30% of the total PET film consumption. Recent developments in electronic imaging may cause some decline in the use of PET film in some of these applications, but the impact is not expected to be very significant in the near future. The properties that make PET film ideal are its: Brilliantly clear nature Very smooth and glossy surface Ability to: be translucent, opaque, or colored (with suitable additives) have a desired rough or matt finish (with filler additives or coatings) be chemically surface treated during manufacture to enhance adhesion to subsequent coatings Strength and resistance to tear Excellent flatness (freedom from curl and cannot be creased easily) Dimensional stability over a very wide range of temperatures and humidity Resistance to attack by moisture (or most of the common solvents) Non-aging characteristics Shelf life (can be stored for a long time) Applications X-Ray Out of the total PET film usage for imaging applications, more than 30% goes into x-ray base. Typically, a blue-tinted 175 micron PET film is coated with a gelatin-based photosensitive coating and is used as medical x-ray film. Photographic Generally, 100 micron and 175 micron PET film is coated with silver-sensitized layers for photographic applications mainly in professional photographic films and instant photographic applications. Printing PET film is used for printing applications such as in layout, masking, pre-press proofing, plate mounting, and photopolymer plates. PET film is also widely used as a base to print on for displays, signage, posters, labels, etc. Microfilm Originals and duplicates of micro-images of documents, records, drawings, etc., are produced on suitably coated PET film for easy storage, space saving, and retrieval. Photoresist Phototool PET film is used in the plating or etching processes for production of rigid and flexible printed circuits. Overhead Projection Transparencies Coated PET film is used for making overhead projection transparencies in plain paper copying machines. Overhead projection transparencies can be printed by other techniques and written on, as well. Drafting Reprographic PET base film is coated with matt or diazo-sensitized or silver-sensitized lacquers, and is widely used for drafting and in the duplication of engineering drawings. This drawing office film is considered to be more convenient for making subsequent changes in designs, and it can also be used for storage. Industrial Specialty Applications Polyester films thermal, chemical, and dimensional stability coupled with its high tensile strength, durability, flex resistance, and clarity promote broad utilization in Industrial and Specialty applications. Polyester film can be produced in a wide range of thickness (from one to several hundred microns) and visible light transmission from essentially 0% to 99+%. Polyester films ability to be customized through both polymer and surface modification to fit the specific application adds to its versatility and value as a film of choice. Key properties of PET: Dimensional stability, both thermal and moisture Chemical and solvent resistant Strength, tear, and flexual resistance Broad light transmission: optically clear to opaque Surface treatable for adhesion to a variety of materials Broad thickness availability Printable surfaces Few, if any, flexible films available today provide the broad array of performance properties for use in the Industrial and Specialty application market. PET film provides exceptional value in a wide variety of applications. Electrical Applications Polyester film itself is used as electrical insulation. It is also used as a laminate with other substrates, such as non-woven polyester matt (DMD), and organic and inorganic papers, such as aramid paper, silica paper, and mica paper. Polyester film can be used in UL registered electrical systems rated as high as Class F (155ÂÂ °C). Laminates can be used in systems rated as high as Class R (220ÂÂ °C). In motor applications, polyester film is used for ground insulation as slot liners and wedges, as well as phase insulation. The high electrical breakdown voltage, coupled with polyester films high resistance to degradation, makes it ideal for mechanical barriers in wire and cable applications. In transformer and high-voltage distribution equipment applications, polyester film is used to wrap the conductors. Polyester film, with lower extractable content, is effective for use in hermetic applications, such as refrigerator and air conditioner motor/compressor assemblies. PEN polyester film is used where higher temperature performance is required, either in the fabrication stage or in the end-use operating conditions. Thin polyester films (two micron and below) are an integral component of capacitors, where polyesters high dielectric constant and its physical properties enable the component design to be optimized and miniaturized. The physical properties of polyester film (such as dimensional stability, thermal stability at elevated temperatures, and coefficient of friction) combined with its mechanical properties (such as tensile break strength, tensile yield strength, and elongation at break) and its chemical and electrical resistance; make it the preferred material for a wide variety of electrical insulation applications. Magnetics Polyester film is used in a variety of magnetic media, including video, camcorder and audio tapes, and data storage applications such as floppy disks and computer tapes. For all magnetics applications, the base film is further coated with a magnetically receptive coating layer. Polyester film has the excellent dimensional stability required to ensure that the heavy coating layer does not distort and faithfully records the images, sound, or data. The largest volumes of PET film for the magnetic market sector are consumed at present in conventional video and audio tapes. Once again, the dimensional stability of polyester, plus the ability to have a magnetic coating layer adhere to the film, are key to these new applications, which are reaching exceptionally high information densities with corresponding reductions in size and faster data access times. The dynamic nature of this market segment, with new applications growing as others mature, is typical of the innovation that exists in the polyester film industry. Use of polyester in garments Polyester is used in the manufacturing of all kinds of clothes and home furnishings like bedspreads, sheets, pillows, furniture, carpets and even curtains. The disco clothing of the 70s with all its jazz and flash was made of polyester. Hydrophobic nature: High tenacity and good durability makes polyester the choice of fabric for high stress outdoors use. Polyester is also a strong fiber that is hydrophobic in nature. It is thus ideal for clothing to be used in wet and damp environments. The fabric is also coated with a water-resistant finish and further intensifies the hydrophobic nature. Being the most heavily recycled polymer worldwide, it is also used by climbers. Climbing suits, parkas, sleeping bags and other outdoor gear are using the new insulating polyester fiberfill products. One can also do winter windsurfing wearing dry suits lined with polyester fleece. Creating insulation: By creating hollow fibers it is also possible to build insulation into the polyester fiber. Air is trapped inside the fiber, which is then warmed by the heat of the body. This keeps the body warm in cold weather. Another method to build insulation is to use crimped polyester in a fiberfill. The crimp helps keep the warm air in. Polyester is an ideal fabric for this kind of insulation because it retains its shape. Cotton and wool tend to flatten over a period of time and loose the warming effect. Wrinkle resistant: Polyester is also wrinkle resistant and is used very often in everyday clothing like pants, shirts, tops, skirts and suits. Used either by itself or as a blend, it is also stain resistant and hence very popular. Polyester care tips Taking care of polyester clothing is really easy and very time efficient. Polyester clothing can be machine washed and dried. Adding a fabric softener generally helps Dry the fabric at low temperatures to get maximum usage from the clothing. Though polyester does not require much ironing, if

Comparison Anthem Vs. By The W Essay -- essays research papers

In the stories, Anthem, by Ayn Rand, and By the Waters of Babylon, by Stephen Vincent Benet, each of the main characters posses a desire deep within themselves to discover things that they do not already know about. Equality and John both live in societies where almost all knowledge of the past has been forgotten. These communities are enveloped in superstition, which causes them to fear the unknown. The desire within Equality and John, however, brings them past these fears and leads them to learn many new things about the â€Å"old times†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthem starts off with Equality feeling as though he sinned for thinking of learning and discovering new things. He stumbled upon a tunnel one night, something that he immediately knew was from the unmentionable times. This tunnel provided a place where Equality could experiment and think as an individual. It was here that he discovered electricity. Although he was aware that the scholars would be upset at him for disobeying the laws and performing experiments on his own, Equality was so excited about his invention that he wanted nothing more than to share it with his people. He felt that it would help their society tremendously. The scholars were angry because he challenged their ways of thinking and tried to alter the system that they had created. They talked of destroying his invention and Equality listened no more. He ran away from the city to the uncharted forest, where it was said that no man ever survived.... Comparison Anthem Vs. By The W Essay -- essays research papers In the stories, Anthem, by Ayn Rand, and By the Waters of Babylon, by Stephen Vincent Benet, each of the main characters posses a desire deep within themselves to discover things that they do not already know about. Equality and John both live in societies where almost all knowledge of the past has been forgotten. These communities are enveloped in superstition, which causes them to fear the unknown. The desire within Equality and John, however, brings them past these fears and leads them to learn many new things about the â€Å"old times†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthem starts off with Equality feeling as though he sinned for thinking of learning and discovering new things. He stumbled upon a tunnel one night, something that he immediately knew was from the unmentionable times. This tunnel provided a place where Equality could experiment and think as an individual. It was here that he discovered electricity. Although he was aware that the scholars would be upset at him for disobeying the laws and performing experiments on his own, Equality was so excited about his invention that he wanted nothing more than to share it with his people. He felt that it would help their society tremendously. The scholars were angry because he challenged their ways of thinking and tried to alter the system that they had created. They talked of destroying his invention and Equality listened no more. He ran away from the city to the uncharted forest, where it was said that no man ever survived....

Hamlet and Laertes: Pawns of the King :: Essays Papers

Hamlet and Laertes: Pawns of the King 1 In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet [Titles] the actions of Laertes and Hamlet are the focal point of the play. They are the sons of major characters who must have grown up together in Elsinore castle, and known each other for years. Laertes warns his sister Ophelia about continuing a relationship with Hamlet because of his royal obligations. The tragic deaths of their father’s [No '] forces them both to seek revenge at all costs. They learn that pursuing revenge is a dark way to travel and it cost them their lives. 2 Hamlet and Laertes are both close and loving sons. The emotional outbreak of shock from Hamlet as his father’s ghost told of his most unnatural murder (Act 1 Scene 5 Line 25). [Frag -1] His father’s ghost had confirmed Hamlet’s suspicions (Act 1 Scene 5 Line 42). Hamlet seems to have a deep[ly] felt loss for his father that can only come from love for his father. The love for his father is twisted later by rage. Laertes is much loved by Polonius, as he leaves for his ship back to France, Polonius gives him a torrent of fatherly advice and his love (Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 55-80). [CS -1] Polonius and Ophelia give him a warm good-bye: they are a close family. 3 Ophelia is a point of contention for both Hamlet and Laertes. Hamlet has been attracted to Ophelia and she to him (Act 1 Scene 3 Line 100). Ophelia is very much attracted to Hamlet and has been told by Polonius to discourage him. Laertes loves Ophelia as a sister and warns her of Hamlet’s show of affection toward her, reminding her of his royal role (Act 1 Scene 3 Lines 10-42). Hamlet and Laertes care for the girl[,] and her feelings for both of them are dangerous for her. Ophelia’s mind is torn apart by Hamlet’s rage against his mother as he turned his frustration on her, telling her to get herself to a nunnery (Act 3 Scene 1 Line 120). The sight of Ophelia’s madness when he returned, melts Laertes’s heart and deepens his need for revenge (Act 4 Scene 6 Line 185). 4 Laertes[,] as Polonius’s son[,] could not imagine being disloyal to the king.

Scarlet Letter Essay :: essays research papers

"To be fully human is to balance the heart, the mind, and the spirit.'; One could suggest the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, that one should not violate the sanctity of the human heart. Hester was well ahead of her time, and believed that love was more important than living in a lie. Dimmesdale’s theology and his inclinations render him almost incapable of action; Chillingsworth dammed himself, along with Dimmesdale. Hester was “frank with [Chillingsworth].'; Hester’s real sin, which she admits in her first interview with Chillingsworth, was to marry the old man. Neither loved each other. Hawthorne appeared to hint that Hester married him because of social and economic necessity; he appeared to have married her because he though she would bring a little life into his existence. The matter appeared doomed in Hawthorne’s eyes, and unnatural. Hester doomed herself when she married Chillingsworth, certified that doom when she committed adultery, and finalized that doom when she concealed Chillingsworth’s identity from Dimmesdale. The effects these events had were the separation from her society, her lover, her husband, her child, and her own best self. She did it all in the name of sanctity, for true love, and she paid the price. Dimmesdale was changed by the affair in a way that “ [he] grew emaciated; his voice, though still rich and sweet had a [tone] of decay.'; As a believing Puritan, Dimmesdale saw himself as “predestined'; for damnation. Hawthorne explained how the poor man “kept silent by the very constitution of [his] nature.'; Dimmesdale wanted to be with Hester, but he was weak. Hawthorne spoke about Dimmesdale’s bloody scourge in his closet, and how he beat himself with it. Hawthorne seemed to suggest that Dimmesdale’s “real existence on [earth] was the anguish of his inmost soul.'; Chillingsworth was a leech of evil, and Dimmesdale was his host. Chillingsworth continuously tried to get a confession from Dimmesdale: “No-not to [you]-an earthly physician.'; Chillingsworth sin was by far the greatest, as Dimmesdale stated: “That old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of the human heart.'; This being the “unpardonable sin.'; One should not violate the godliness of a pure heart. Hester was a radical woman in her time, more like a 20th century woman. She knew that true love was more important than a phony, love-less marriage.

Management 1st Year Assignment

Wakaberry Assignment Anthony Smit SN: 2011041007 Section A: Question 1 1. 1. ) a) Social and cultural forces from the macro-environment should be taken into account and a variable from the macro-environment that has influenced the Wakaberry business is the Healthier Lifestyle variable. People today are more health conscious than ever. This has influenced Wakaberry to create yoghurt that is 98% fat free. The impact of this variable is shown from this excerpt in the case study: â€Å"Wakaberry offers 100% REAL frozen yogurt, which is 98% fat free; perfect for health-conscious consumers. † 1. ) b) Another macro-environment variable that has influenced the Wakaberry business is that of the Technological Environment. Technology is improving constantly and new products and services are born at an astounding rate. Wakaberry’s usage of the technologies from Foshan Taike Refrigerant Technology Company shows this. This technology is a unique self-service machine in every store. T he impact of this variable is shown from this excerpt in the case study: â€Å"Wakaberry has developed a competitive advantage by strategically forming an alliance with Foshan Taike Refrigerant Technology Co. o incorporate the unique self-service machinery in all stores. † 1. 2) a) An element of the market environment that has influenced Wakaberry is the competition between product forms. They have given consumers the ability to customize their products to their liking giving them the power over their product form. This influence from the market environment forced them to use something original to increase their competitive advantage.The impact of this variable is shown from this excerpt in the case study: â€Å"These machines allow consumers to be in full control of their own creations and providing the company with an opportunity to cater to consumer’s needs, thereby creating a unique store experience. † 1. 2) b) Another element from the market environment tha t influenced Wakaberry is the competition between the needs of consumers. This completion of needs of consumers has led Wakaberry to aggressively promote their product where they are situated trying to influence consumers to buy their product.The impact of this variable is shown from this excerpt in the case study: â€Å"The business has been very creative in tempting consumers to try the Wakaberry flavours, by offering free samples and product pamphlets outside various stores and at special events. In addition, to encourage purchases, first-time customers are provided with a 10 % discount†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2) Wakaberry operates in a Monopolistic competition market structure. There are many sellers, many buyers and no entry barriers but it is monopolistic and not perfect because the basic product is set – frozen yoghurt.The reason this market structure was chosen is because there are many firms with a small proportion of the market share with slightly differentiated products. Th e following excerpt from the case study prove this: â€Å"In order to stand out amongst the many yogurt and ice-cream providers in the industry, including the likes of Fresko, Marcel’s, Nanci’s and Yogurtiamo†(large market)†¦ â€Å"In addition, the business offers a wide variety of toppings and flavours, at an appealing price†. This links to differentiation) 3) a) The first skill I think that would be required for the tasks is Interpersonal skills. This refers to the person’s ability to communicate with, understand and motivate others and is thus of paramount importance for sufficiently completing this task set out in the case study: â€Å"Interact with staff members and Bloemfontein customers, ensuring that all involved with Wakaberry feel part and parcel of the ‘Waka’ family. b) The second skill I think that would be required is technical skills. This refers having knowledge of the matter at hand. In this case it could be knowl edge of the product and all or the relevant labour positions on the floor (cashier, store assistant, brand promoter). This skill would thus be important to effectively completing the following task set out in the case study: â€Å"Training of the new store staff including; cashiers, store assistants and brand promoters. †

Client paper Essay

As social service professionals we will come across many clients from all walks of life that unfortunately are facing so many problems. Many people experience hardship and they just simply need help. As a professional in this field our work is to help our clients with whatever needs they may have at that time. The ultimate and main goal is to help the client become self-sufficient. Help them learn new skills as well as provide referrals to resources when needed. The job is to help provide the clients with alternatives to what they are going thru at that time. Nothing is easy but the result is for the client to be better off from before they enter the door. Human service workers support such a diverse population of clients no matter the age group. The elderly clients are only in need of someone to help them to live independently hopefully in their own homes. For those who are unable to live on their own, the social service professional will ensure that placement is being sought out in a nursing home and/or other residential care facilities. Another client would be a homeless client which are those who the social service worker will help to meet their basic needs of everyday life. For the homeless clients it is valuable to have a variety of resources providers that offer, temporary and /or permanent housing. As well as organizations that serve hot meals, who also provide daily essentials such as a place to take a bath, brush your teeth etc. A good place that offers these service is the Salvation Army, the client will also need a work center facility that can help them in developing new skills as well as obtaining gainful employment. A different client is people who suffer with mental illness. These clients depending on the severity of their problem the social service worker main goal is to help this client become self-sufficient and to re ceive the proper care they need. If you are not certified to deal with mental illness a referral to the proper organization would suffice. Veterans, for some is so hard to adjust to civilian life after military life. Therefore as a social service worker you would support them by adapting the skills they learned in the military to civilian’s jobs. In certain cases, they will need help obtaining housing, on a more severe level they will also need help with some mental issues they may have experience due to the circumstances that have occurred to them while in the military. Another client would be a disable veteran, these clients require more in depth help therefore referrals can be done. Another problem facing  social service clients is people with disabilities. Helping clients with disabilities focus on helping them live independently, in other words help them care for themselves. Becoming self-sufficient. Sometimes depending on the disability the client may have you can refer the client to a rehabilitation center that will help the client adapt to their disability. For the disabled clients that cannot by any means take care of themselves the social service worker can help locate a great residential facility. Another problem that clients face is abuse. Abuse can be verbal, physical, emotional and mental. The clients facing this problem sometimes do not see a problem until it is too late. When helping these clients one must take into consideration the frame of mind the client may be in. Many of these clients are damage mentally and may refuse help, therefore earning their trust is eminent. Clients in this state of mind need in depth counseling, many are broken, in distress and many physically hurt. Therefore knowing how to help them and what resources are available to them is necessary. There are specific skills needed that can be used to help the clients in need. Communication skills are required, in this skill you have to be able to be a great and active listener, listening to the words, body language and gestures. Ask questions, as well as provide positive feedback and information that may be needed. When communicating you have to demonstrate understanding and be able to read what is said as well as what is not said. Many clients just need someone that can listen to their problems. A social service worker has to be compassionate, attentive, possess problem solving skills. Be a critical thinker which is used for assessment and decision making. Having character disposition such as honesty, integrity and empathy are crucial skills needed to help the clients face the problems they are having in today’s world. In conclusion, in the world that we live today many people are struggling to survive, people are homeless, being abuse and are facing more and more problems each and every day. A social service worker job is to help those around them the best way possible. To also educate themselves in order to provide the knowledge and resources available to the clients. Neil Headman assistant professor of human services at the University of Illinois at Springfield stated â€Å"It does not matter who your client is,† he says. â€Å"Everyone needs help.† (25)